Defining the Web: The Politics of Search Engines

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Addressing Age-Related Bias in Sentiment Analysis (2018, background): “Prior work analyzes algorithmic bias in search engines [36,38,53], surveillance systems (e.g., Facial Recognition Systems) [37], and social media [20,55,71].”
Quantifying Biases in Online Information Exposure (2018, background): “However, we ﬁnd no support for the previously claimed superlinear behavior ( γ > 1 ) (Cho & Roy, 2004; Introna & Nissenbaum, 2000; Mowshowitz & Kawaguchi, 2002) that would be consistent with H3.”
Unequal Representation and Gender Stereotypes in Image Search Results for Occupations (2015, background): “Search engines have been studied and received popular attention for bias in their results, both for what they index and present overall [19,36] and what they present to particular users [28].”
Topical interests and the mitigation of search engine bias (2005, background): “There are also notable social and political implications to such a googlearchy [14, 24, 13].”