Whispering gallery mode sensors
By Matthew R. Foreman, J. Swaim, Frank Vollmer. Advances in Optics and Photonics, 2015
759 citations recorded by the source corpus.
We present a comprehensive overview of sensor technology exploiting optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonances. After a short introduction we begin by detailing the fundamental principles and theory of WGMs in optical microcavities and the transduction mechanisms frequently employed for sensing purposes. Key recent theoretical contributions to the modeling and analysis of WGM systems are highlighted. Subsequently we review the state of the art of WGM sensors by outlining efforts made to date to improve current detection limits. Proposals in this vein are numerous and range, for example, from plasmonic enhancements and active cavities to hybrid optomechanical sensors, which are already working in the shot noise limited regime. In parallel to furthering WGM sensitivity, efforts to improve the time resolution are beginning to emerge. We therefore summarize the techniques being pursued in this vein. Ultimately WGM sensors aim for real-world applications, such as measurements of force and temperature, or alternatively gas and biosensing. Each such application is thus reviewed in turn, and important achievements are discussed. Finally, we adopt a more forward-looking perspective and discuss the outlook of WGM sensors within both a physical and biological context and consider how they may yet push the detection envelope further.
Subfields: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2e0f349038fe73c4ed938da4796bbdc35cfc4758
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In Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
In Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Citations in the corpus
- Nonlinear photonics with high-Q whispering-gallery-mode resonators (2017, methodology): “Raman gain is used to compensate the loss and improve the sensitivity, since the sensitivity limit of WGM sensors is fundamentally determined by the ratio of Q∕V [14].”
- Fiber Grating-Assisted Surface Plasmon Resonance for Biochemical and Electrochemical Sensing (2017, neutral): “and most recent whispering gallery modes [76]) allow the construction of phase sensitive “resonant” structures in the medium located underneath the interface where the”