A simple methodology for predicting laser-weld properties from material and laser parameters

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Review of Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing for Metals (2021, background): “However, high VED resulted in scattering of molten metals and key-hole porosity [350].”
Experimental analysis of spatter generation and melt-pool behavior during the powder bed laser beam melting process (2018, methodology): “In a preliminary work by King et al. (2014), the threshold for key-hole formation, assumed to be a major contributor to the formation of defects, was calculated by considering the depth variation versus a normalized enthalpy value. The experimental and numerical work detailed in Matthews et al. (201”
Powder-based additive manufacturing – a review of types of defects, generation mechanisms, detection, property evaluation and metrology (2017, methodology): “…methods, the following formula can be used as a predictor of porosity percentage indicator through the normalised enthalpy s H h Δ (Wu et al., 2014; Hann et al., 2011): 3s s H ηP h ρh π σ v Δ = α where ΔH is the specific energy (J/kg), hs is the enthalpy at melting (J/kg), η is the surface…”