The effects of high fluence mixed-species (deuterium, helium, beryllium) plasma interactions with tungsten

By M. Baldwin, R. Doerner, D. Nishijima, K. Tokunaga, Y. Ueda. 2009

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Tungsten ‘fuzz’ growth re-examined: the dependence on ion fluence in non-erosive and erosive helium plasma (2015, background): “It is important to point out that the time taken to get from 973 K to 1073 K was ± 40 5 s, as fuzz is known to begin to grow around 900–950 K [2, 6].”
Tungsten nano-tendril growth in the Alcator C-Mod divertor (2012, background): “In all radial positions the expected ion flux is well in excess of 10(22) He/m(2)s, which has been shown the be the low-end threshold for optimized fuzz growth [12].”
High heat flux components—Readiness to proceed from near term fusion systems to power plants (2010, unknown): “As an example of the effect of operating temperature, one can consider the recently observed effects of mixed deuterium and helium bombardment of tungsten samples as the exposure temperature increases [52].”
Observations of suppressed retention and blistering for tungsten exposed to deuterium–helium mixture plasmas (2009, unknown): “Previous plasma simulator experiments, involving simultaneous exposure to D and He have been conducted on W but focused mainly on mixed materials formation and changes in surface morphology at a high surface temperature ∼1100 K [11].”
Ultrafine tungsten as a plasma-facing component in fusion devices: effect of high flux, high fluence low energy helium irradiation (2014, background): “Moreover, fuzz formation [6, 28] on tungsten was also demonstrated to occur at fluences over 2 × 1021 cm−2.”