Artificial Immune Systems: A New Computational Intelligence Paradigm

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A review of machine learning approaches to Spam filtering (2009, background): “Oda and White (2003a) proposed an Artificial Immune System (see, e.g., de Castro & Timmis, 2002) for Spam filtering, where detectors, represented as regular expressions, are used for pattern matching in a message being analyzed.”
Artificial immune systems as a novel soft computing paradigm (2003, background): “The present work adopts the concept in which artificial immune systems are defined as computational systems inspired by theoretical immunology and observed immune functions, principles and models, applied to solve problems (de Castro and Timmis, 2002a).”
An artificial immune network for multimodal function optimization (2002, methodology): “The model presented in this paper is based upon previous works from the literature and the formalism proposed in [3].”
A survey on nature inspired metaheuristic algorithms for partitional clustering (2014, methodology): “[79] L.N. de Charsto, J. Timmis, An Introduction to Artificial Immune Systems: A New Computational Intelligence Paradigm, Springer-Verlag, 2002.”
Rule extraction from trained adaptive neural networks using artificial immune systems (2009, methodology): “The immune network theory was proposed by Jerne in 1974 (de Castro & Timmis, 2002).”