Influences of tool pin profile and tool shoulder diameter on the formation of friction stir processing zone in AA6061 aluminium alloy

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Understanding the material flow path of friction stir welding process using unthreaded tools (2010, background): “Elangovan and Balasubramanian (2007, 2008) mentioned that pin profiles with flat faces produce a pulsating action which perturbs the material flow.”
Issues and strategies in composite fabrication via friction stir processing: A review (2018, result): “Similar results were reported by Elangovan and Balasubramanian [52, 53] in their studies that flaw free welds exhibiting superior mechanical properties were achieved using square tool pin as compared to other pin profiles.”
Effect of welding processes on tensile properties of AA6061 aluminium alloy joints (2009, methodology): “From the previous work done in our laboratory [14, 15 ], the optimum friction stir welding process parameter for joining AA6061 aluminium alloy are 1200 rpm, 1.25 mm/s (75 mm/min) and 7 kN. Trial experiments and macrostructural analysis (to identify any visible defects) were carried out for each me”