Functionally Graded Materials: A Critical Review

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Additive manufacturing of functionally graded materials: A review (2019, background): “), along at least one direction, leading to functional changes associated with at least one property [8,9].”
An overview of laser-based multiple metallic material additive manufacturing: from macro- to micro-scales (2020, background): “Similarly, material combinations of copper–titanium alloy and copper-aluminium alloy are also suitable for heat exchangers used in the aerospace and automotive industries [127, 128].”
Thermal analysis of FGM plates – A critical review of various modeling techniques and solution methods (2017, background): “FGM is also used as a coating material which inturn reduces heat loss from engine exhaust system components like turbocharger casings, exhaust headers, exhaust manifolds, tail pipes and down pipes, thereby reducing consumption of coolant [16,23].”