The distribution of relaxation times as basis for generalized time-domain models for Li-ion batteries

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A review of fractional-order techniques applied to lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid batteries, and supercapacitors (2018, background): “In integer-order models (IOMs) of Li-ion batteries, CPEs are either approximated by ideal capacitors [50], or a number of resistor-capacitor (RC) networks [13, 51], or relaxation times [52].”
Time-domain fitting of battery electrochemical impedance models (2015, background): “In order to address this challenge, CPEs for Li-ion ECMs are generally either approximated by ideal capacitors [20], or by a series connection of numerous R/C pairs [21–23], or a distribution of relaxation times [24].”
Battery digital twins: Perspectives on the fusion of models, data and artificial intelligence for smart battery management systems (2020, background): “An approach which is more commonly used in the solid oxide fuel cell ﬁeld, but is becoming increasingly topical in batteries, is the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) [43] .”