Ex-offender employment programs and recidivism: A meta-analysis

By Christy A. Visher, L. Winterfield, Mark B. Coggeshall. 2005

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A Signaling Perspective on Employment-Based Reentry Programming Training Completion as a Desistance Signal (2012, unknown): “Employment-Based Reentry Programs as a Cause of Desistance The most recent meta-analysis of experimental evaluations of noncustodial employment programs concludes that none of the programs has an impact on employment or rearrest (Visher et al., 2005).”
Post-Release Recidivism and Employment among Different Types of Released Offenders: A 5-Year Follow-Up Study in the United States (2014, background): “Results from previous studies identified a variety of factors, such as, educational illiteracy, lack of job skills, lack of interpersonal skills, criminal history, the neighborhood contexts, or employment, that might contribute to a relatively high recidivism rate among ex-offenders (Gendreau et al.”
Criminal Deterrence: A Review of the Literature (2017, background): “Moreover, the majority of the literature reports little evidence of an effect of employment status on recidivism among reentering prisoners (Visher, Winterfield, and Coggeshall 2005).”