Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment

By P. Ryan, C. Moore, J. V. van Franeker, C. Moloney. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2009

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Does size and buoyancy affect the long-distance transport of floating debris? (2015, background): “Their low densities, coupled with their long lifespans, result in plastic items dominating marine debris distant from source areas, because together these characteristics facilitate long-distance dispersal (Ryan et al 2009).”
Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics on biota: a review (2018, background): “…2004; Browne et al. 2008; Graham and Thompson 2009; Murray and Cowie 2011; Cole et al. 2013; Goldstein and Goodwin 2013), vertebrates (Boerger et al. 2010; Davison and Asch 2011), seabirds (Ryan et al. 2009; Thompson et al. 2009b), and mammals (Eriksson and Burton 2003; Fossi et al. 2012, 2014).”
Marine litter within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2013, background): “This includes also the spillage of pre-production (resin pellets) plastics (Ryan et al., 2009), granules e.g. from cosmetic products, and fibres from washing machines.”
Using gut contents to assess foraging patterns of juvenile green turtles Chelonia mydas in the Paranaguá Estuary, Brazil (2011, background): “Fishing and shipping are well-known sources of anthropogenic debris to coastal areas (Gregory 2009, Ryan et al. 2009), and the Paranaguá Estuary is no exception according to our data.”