Developments in martensitic and bainitic steels: role of the shape deformation

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The role of the austenite grain size in the martensitic transformation in low carbon steels (2019, background): “These non-chemical terms comprise: 1) elastic strain energy (E), which arises from the shape and volume change that accompanies the phase transformation and is proportional to the volume of themartensite plate; 2) the interfacial energy (σ) that results from the creation of a certain area of α′/γ ph”
Very strong bainite (2004, background): “Furthermore, there is an upper limit to the amount of work done in plastic accommodation [19]; this is the strain energy associated with an elastically accommodated plate, amounting to just 400 J mol -1 [20].”
FEM prediction of welding residual stress and distortion in carbon steel considering phase transformation effects (2009, methodology): “Table 5 Chemical composition, calculated transformation temperature range (DTtr), and measured distortion (b) for two manual metal arc multi-pass weld deposits [6,16]”