Ion Energization and Escape on Mars and Venus

By E. Dubinin, M. Fraenz, A. Fedorov, R. Lundin, N. Edberg, F. Duru, O. Vaisberg. 2011

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The spatial distribution of planetary ion fluxes near Mars observed by MAVEN (2015, background): “Estimates of the total present-day ion escape rate range from ~1023 s 1 to 3×1025 s 1 [Dubinin et al., 2011, and references therein].”
MAVEN SupraThermal and Thermal Ion Compostion (STATIC) Instrument (2015, background): “Bulk escape may be the primary source of plasma into the Martian plasma sheet, whereas ambipolar fields may be the primary driver for polar wind outflows of protons into the tail lobes (Dubinin et al. 2011) and from other regions magnetically ‘open’ to interplanetary space.”
Strong plume fluxes at Mars observed by MAVEN: An important planetary ion escape channel (2015, methodology): “…between the plume fluxes observed by MAVEN and the energetic ion beams seen in Phobos and MEX data [Kallio et al., 1995; Carlsson et al., 2006, 2008; Dubinin et al., 2006, 2011; Liemohn et al., 2014] discussed in section 3 suggest that these energetic ion beams are most likely a part of the plume.”