High speed flow visualization of a closed loop pulsating heat pipe

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Operational limit of closed loop pulsating heat pipes (2008, background): “While quite some research has been performed on the operational behavior and physical phenomena in PHPs, including various experimental studies [5–12] and attempts of mathematical modeling [13–18], rather limited knowledge exists on the ultimate performance or performance limits of PHPs [19–22].”
Performance characteristics of pulsating heat pipes as integral thermal spreaders (2009, result): “rameters affecting the system dynamics [8,11–19].”
Advances and Unsolved Issues in Pulsating Heat Pipes (2008, background): “[ 25 ] visualized flow in a closed-loop glass PHP charged with methanol or water by videotaping at 125 frames per second.”
Multiple quasi-steady states in a closed loop pulsating heat pipe (2009, background): “[37] and Lips and Bonjour [38] do confirm the order of magnitude of average two-phase flow velocity in the single PHP loop.”
Design and operation of a Tesla-type valve for pulsating heat pipes (2017, unknown): “Depending on the specific conditions, the liquid slugs are stagnant, pulsating, circulating with a superimposed pulsation or purely circulating [7,8].”