Neglected biological patterns in the residuals

By I. Cleasby, Shinichi Nakagawa. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2011

103 citations recorded by the source corpus.

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Nested by design: model fitting and interpretation in a mixed model era (2013, background): “As with the homoscedasticity of the residuals (cf., Cleasby & Nakagawa 2011), the assumptions about the group-level distributions should also be validated.”
Robustness of linear mixed‐effects models to violations of distributional assumptions (2020, background): “…interest (e.g. Westneat, Wright, & Dingemanse, 2015) and can be extended to fit fixed and random effect predictors that potentially affect heterogeneity in residual variances (rather than just affecting average trait values, Cleasby & Nakagawa, 2011; Cleasby, Nakagawa, & Schielzeth, 2015).”
An approach to estimate short‐term, long‐term and reaction norm repeatability (2015, background): “…of labile phenotypic characters are characterised by substantial amounts of residual within-individual variance, and there is growing awareness that this often overlooked residual variance contains important biological information (Cleasby & Nakagawa 2011; Westneat, Wright & Dingemanse 2014b).”