Universal energy-level alignment of molecules on metal oxides.

By M. Greiner, M. Helander, Wing-Man Tang, Zhibin Wang, J. Qiu, Zhenghong Lu. Nature Materials, 2011

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Enhanced power-conversion efficiency in polymer solar cells using an inverted device structure (2012, neutral): “We also note that a universal model for the energy level alignment of molecules on metal oxides has been developed recently by Greiner and colleagues 28 , in which Fermi level-pinning plays a critical role in tuning the energy alignment of a metal oxide.”
Oxygen vacancies in tungsten oxide and their influence on tungsten oxide/silicon heterojunction solar cells (2016, background): “Molybdenum oxide has been widely applied as a hole collection layer in organic solar cells [15, 16] and later transferred to silicon based devices to fulfill the same function.”
Passivating Contacts for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: From Concepts and Materials to Prospects (2018, background): “Note that some of the offset values shown have been obtained from theoretical predictions (HfO2 [28], [29], Ta2O5 [28]–[30], MoO3 [29]–[31], and WO3 [30], [31]) and some from experimental observations (SiO2 [32], Al2O3 [28], [33], a-Si:H [34], TiO2 [35], [36], NiO [37], PEDOT:PSS [38], [39], In2O3 [”
Optical transitions in hybrid perovskite solar cells: Ellipsometry, density functional theory, and quantum efficiency analyses for CH3NH3PbI3 (2015, background): “34 eV) indicates the optical transition associated with the defect band [107,108] and the amplitude of this peak reduces with increasing O2/Ar gas flow ratio.”