Mass, linear momentum and kinetic energy of bipolar flows in protoplanetary nebulae

By V. Bujarrabal, A. Castro-Carrizo, J. Alcolea, C. Contreras. 2001

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Low-Mass Binary Induced Outflows from Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars (2006, background): “Outflow production mechanisms that extract rotational energy may be required to explain the observed high power bipolar features of PN and PPNe, since radiation driving is insufficient (Bujarrabal et al. 2001).”
Keplerian discs around post-AGB stars: a common phenomenon? (2006, background): “Stunning kinematic information resulted from the extensive CO survey of Bujarrabal et al. (2001): it appears to be a fundamental property of the omnipresent fast molecular outflow in PPNe, that it carries a huge amount of linear momentum, up to 1000 times the momentum available for a radiation…”
Dawes Review 6: The Impact of Companions on Stellar Evolution (2016, background): “…measurements of the highly collimated molecular outflows typical of pre-PNe show that radiation cannot be responsible for accelerating, nor collimating the gas, because the measured linear momenta exceeds by 2–3 orders of magnitudes what can be driven by radiation (Bujarrabal et al., 2001).”
SN 2006gy: Discovery of the Most Luminous Supernova Ever Recorded, Powered by the Death of an Extremely Massive Star like η Carinae (2006, background): “Even the most extreme OH/IR stars have rates below 10 4 M yr 1 (Netzer & Knapp 1987), while the highest rates during the final and brief proto–planetary nebula phase reach only (1 2) ; 10 4 M yr 1 (Bujarrabal et al. 2001).”