Adhesion of multi-level hierarchical attachment systems in gecko feet

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Inspiration from the natural world: from bio-adhesives to bio-inspired adhesives (2014, background): “The setae, composed of β-keratin and α-keratin, exhibit an adhesive shear force of 194 μN and an adhesive normal force of approximately 20 μN, indicating that the unique combination of sizes ranging from the macro- to nanoscale is what gives the gecko its unique reversible adhesion [31].”
Natural and biomimetic artificial surfaces for superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, low adhesion, and drag reduction (2011, background): “Approximately 3 10(6) setae on their toes can produce a clinging ability of approximately 20 N (vertical force required to pull a lizard down a nearly vertical (85 ) surface) and allow them to climb vertical surfaces at speeds of over 1 m/s, with the capability to attach or detach their toes in mill”
Biomimetics: lessons from nature–an overview (2009, methodology): “This dynamic attachment ability is referred to as reversible adhesion or smart adhesion (Bhushan 2007b, 2008).”