μ-PIV study of the formation of segmented flow in microfluidic T-junctions

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Droplet based microfluidics (2012, background): “The time scales of filling the channel with a gas phase, its subsequent squeezing, and bubble pinch-off have been studied by PIV of the continuous phase [201].”
Scalability of mass transfer in liquid-liquid flow (2014, background): “…to be noted that these studies have been performed in microchannels with different inlet geometries (Y- and T-junction), which are known to affect the two-phase flow formation (e.g. van Steijn et al., 2007; Abate et al., 2009) and might have impacted the observed mass transfer coefficients as well.”
Current methods for characterising mixing and flow in microchannels (2010, background): “Van Steijn et al. (2007) have shown with several planar m-PIV measurements throughout the depth of a T-microchannel, that at no instant does the gas phase occupy the entire channel crosssection before bubble formation and that a significant amount of liquid flows over the forming bubble (Fig.”