Second-order turbulence closure models for geophysical boundary layers. A review of recent work

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Energy- and flux-budget (EFB) turbulence closure model for stably stratified flows. Part I: steady-state, homogeneous regimes (2006, methodology): “…TMl THl Numerous alternative turbulence closures were formulated using equations for other turbulent parameters (besides TKE) together with heuristic hypotheses and empirical relationships, but no consensus is still achieved; see overviews by Weng and Taylor (2003), and Umlauf and Burchard (2005).”
Observational and numerical modeling methods for quantifying coastal ocean turbulence and mixing (2008, background): “For the pressure–strain correlators a plethora of closures may be found in the literature (see e.g. Mellor and Yamada, 1974; Launder et al., 1975; Kantha and Clayson, 1994; Canuto et al., 2001, 2002; Cheng et al., 2002; Umlauf and Burchard, 2005).”