Critical Period for Cross-Modal Plasticity in Blind Humans: A Functional MRI Study

By Norihiro Sadato, T. Okada, M. Honda, Y. Yonekura. NeuroImage, 2002

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Cortical activity during tactile exploration of objects in blind and sighted humans (2010, background): “The issue of plasticity of tactile object recognition in the posterior occipital, early (“retinotopic” in sighted) areas in congenitally blind subjects has been studied extensively with Braille-like stimuli (Sadato et al. 1996; Cohen et al., 1997; Hamilton and Pascual-Leone 1998; Burton et al., 2002”
The plastic human brain cortex. (2005, background): “…findings addressing the role of imagery, the differences between early and late blind, and the role of tactile versus verbal/linguistic aspects of the task (Büchel et al. 1998, Melzer et al. 2001, Burton et al. 2002a, Sadato et al. 2002, Amedi et al. 2003; for review see Merabet et al. 2005).”
The multisensory function of the human primary visual cortex. (2016, background): “For example, primary visual cortex appears to be causally linked to the accuracy of reading Braille by early-blind individuals (Cohen et al., 1997, 1999; Sadato et al., 2002) and to also correlate with performance on tasks completed either via touch or sound (e.”
Critical period regulation. (2004, background): “Hence, even across modalities in blind subjects, the tactile response to Braille reading extends into primary visual cortex only if vision is lost within a critical period of 14–16 years (Sadato et al. 2002).”