The Implications of Racial Misclassification by Observers

By Mary E. Campbell, Lisa Troyer. 2007

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Experiences with Misgendering: Identity Misclassification of Transgender Spectrum Individuals (2015, background): “For instance, multi-racial individuals anticipate more positive interactions with people who accurately verify their multi-racial background (Remedios & Chasteen, 2013) and when others do misclassify their racial identity, the outcomes can be deleterious (e.g., Campbell & Troyer, 2007).”
Hearing Gender: Voice-Based Gender Classification Processes and Transgender Health Inequality (2019, background): “…American Indians, having one’s ethnic identity routinely misclassified by others is associated with a higher incidence of psychological distress (Campbell and Troyer 2007), and multiracial and Hispanic adults can experience differences in status and discrimination depending on how others…”