A Sensitive Period for Song Acquisition in the Song Sparrow, Melospiza melodia: A Case of Age‐limited Learning

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Chapter 5 Vocal Performance and Sensorimotor Learning in Songbirds (2009, background): “The neural template is presumably crystallized in the first few months of a bird’s life, at least in ‘‘age-limited’’ or ‘‘closed-ended’’ learners (Marler and Peters, 1987).”
Indicators of development as sexually selected traits: the developmental stress hypothesis in context (2011, background): “In their seminal paper, Nowicki et al. (1998) presented a novel hypothesis that could explain how complex song repertoires and other features of song could be honest signals: the nutritional stress hypothesis.”
Song repertoire size in male song sparrows correlates with detour reaching, but not with other cognitive measures (2011, background): “In the laboratory, the details of these song types are learned during a critical period that extends from approximately 20 to 90 days posthatching (Marler & Peters 1987).”
Soft Song in Song Sparrows: Acoustic Structure and Implications for Signal Function (2008, background): “Young males crystallize their song-type repertoires during their first year (Marler & Peters 1987) and do not modify their repertoire size or song-type structure after this time (Nordby et al. 2002).”