Bubble Behavior and Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer in Saturated FC-72 Spray Cooling

By D. Rini, Ruey-Hung Chen, L. Chow. 2002

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Single-phase and two-phase cooling characteristics of upward-facing and downward-facing sprays (2006, background): “There are other practical concerns with spray cooling, such as the lack of repeatability of cooling performance for seemingly identical nozzles due to any minute manufacturing imperfections or to corrosion or erosion of the nozzle interior [2].”
Review of spray cooling – Part 1: Single-phase and nucleate boiling regimes, and critical heat flux (2017, unknown): “The second mechanism is secondary nucleation [42,98], where droplets entrain vapor and/or gas into the liquid film, promoting bubble nucleation and vigorous boiling within the film.”
Single nozzle spray cooling heat transfer mechanisms (2005, unknown): “Another proposed mechanism is secondary nucleation [2,3].”
An overview of heat transfer enhancement methods and new perspectives: Focus on active methods using electroactive materials (2013, background): “The number of nucleation sites is proportional to the number of liquid droplets forming the spray [132].”
Theoretical and experimental study of the effects of spray inclination on two-phase spray cooling and critical heat flux (2008, background): “Maximum CHF was always achieved with the spray impinging normal to the test surface; increasing angle of inclination away from the normal decreased CHF appreciably.”