Is the long-run relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and financial development in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries robust?

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Information and communication technology, electricity consumption and economic growth in OECD countries: a panel data analysis (2016, methodology): “Salahuddin et al. (2015) investigate the causal linkages among economic growth, electricity consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and financial development using panel data for the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries (GCC) for the period 1980-2012.”
Economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions in the E7 countries: a bootstrap ARDL bound test (2020, background): “[40] found a two-way Granger causal relationship between the two factors, whereas Omri et al.”