Gender differences in depression in 23 European countries. Cross-national variation in the gender gap in depression.

By S. M. Van de Velde, Piet Bracke, K. Levecque. Social Science & Medicine (1967), 2010

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The Evolution of Culturally-Variable Sex Differences: Men and Women Are Not Always Different, but When They Are…It Appears Not to Result from Patriarchy or Sex Role Socialization (2015, background): “…1994; Miettunen et al. 2007; Whissell 1996), integrative neuroscientific reviews (Hyde et al. 2008; Stevens and Hamann 2012), and large cross-cultural surveys (Costa et al. 2001; Hopcroft and McLaughlin 2012; Lippa 2009; McCrae and Terracciano 2005; Schmitt et al. 2008; Van de Velde et al. 2010).”
The epidemiology of depression across cultures (2013, background): “Women typically have a twofold increased risk of major depression compared with men (123), individuals who are separated or divorced have significantly higher rates of major depression than do the currently married (7, 134), and prevalence of major depression generally goes down with age (7, 134).”
Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms (2017, neutral): “…994 1,395 CES-D 2007 15–99 ESS-3 1 Van de Velde et al. (2010)a .28 Sweden 948 973 CES-D 2007 15–99 ESS-3 1 Van de Velde et al. (2010)a .23 Slovenia 665 807 CES-D 2007 15–99 ESS-3 1 Van de Velde et al. (2010)a .13 Slovakia 839 895 CES-D 2007 15–99 ESS-3 1 Van de Velde et al. (2010)a .21 Ukraine…”