Lignin as a base material for materials applications: Chemistry, application and economics

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Value-adding to cellulosic ethanol: lignin polymers. (2011, background): “There are many commercial applications of low value where lignins (predominantly lignosulfonates) are used because of their surface-active properties (Gargulak and Lebo, 2000; Stewart, 2008).”
Characterization of Organosolv Lignins using Thermal and FT-IR Spectroscopic Analysis (2013, background): “Lignin has traditionally been viewed as a low-valued waste byproduct of the pulp and paper industry (Stewart 2008).”
Lignin utilization: A review of lignin depolymerization from various aspects (2019, neutral): “investigating the potential application of lignin (Table 1) [11,12].”
Lignin: Recent advances and emerging applications (2014, background): “As a set of examples, lignins are being used for the controlled release of fertilizers, modified for slow-release fertilizers and herbicides in agriculture [73–75], as a base for differentmaterials application in the fields of bioplastics [75–77], (nano)composites [76–79] and nanoparticles [80–84].”
Structural Characterization of Lignin and Its Degradation Products with Spectroscopic Methods (2017, background): “However, only less than 2% of the lignin produced from pulping industries was value-addedly utilized, while the rest was abandoned or burned as a low-value fuel for energy supplement [4], leading to serious waste of precious aromatic resource and environmental pollution.”