Rapid reworking of subtidal sediments by burrowing spatangoid urchins

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Effects of sedimentation from water-based drill cuttings and natural sediment on benthic macrofaunal community structure and ecosystem processes (2010, background): “Although these species only made up a very small part of the total abundance, their size and bulldozing activity as subsurface deposit feeders make them important ecosystem engineers (e.g. Widdicombe and Austen, 1998; Widdicombe et al., 2004; Lohrer et al., 2005).”
Modeling bio-geomorphological influences for offshore sandwaves (2009, background): “The sea urchin Echinocardium cordatum has been shown to displace up to 20,000 cm3 m-2 d-1, causing the surface sediment to be reworked about once every 3-4 days (Lohrer et al., 2005).”
Quantification of sediment reworking rates in bioturbation research: a review (2010, methodology): “This approach has been used for sea urchins both in situ (Lohrer et al. 2005) and during laboratory experiments (Hollertz & Duchêne 2001).”