Experiments on 4D‐Var assimilation of rainfall data using an incremental formulation

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Issues Regarding the Assimilation of Cloud and Precipitation Data (2007, background): “…forward-observation operators are used, these distinctions may become less efficient or at least may require many more nonlinear iteration steps (Marécal and Mahfouf 2003) The effects of nonlinearity can be difficult to characterize since they depend not only on structures of errors but…”
Convective‐scale assimilation of radar data: progress and challenges (2005, methodology): “Rainfall data assimilation has also been performed on coarser resolutions at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for global analyses using its incremental 4D-Var system (Marecal and Mahfouf 2003).”