Including predation mortality in stock assessments: a case study for Gulf of Alaska walleye pollock

By A. Hollowed, James Ianelli, P. Livingston. 2000

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Consumption impacts by marine mammals, fish, and seabirds on the Gulf of Maine–Georges Bank Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) complex during the years 1977–2002 (2006, background): “Including biological interactions and their impacts in stock assessments and multispecies models is an important step in predicting sustainable yields and developing realistic estimates of biological reference points for key prey species (ICES, 1989; Overholtz et al., 1991; Hollowed et al., 2000).”
Biological reference points for fish stocks in a multispecies context (2001, background): “This simplification of food webs is convenient because it means that predators can be added to single-species stock assessments without needing to consider the longer-term feedback between the prey and predator populations (e.g., Livingston and Methot 1998; Hollowed et al. 2000a).”
The importance of including predation in fish population models: Implications for biological reference points (2011, background): “Various authors have found that when consumption of a particular forage species is calculated, the predation mortality values that had been assumed as a part of the total natural mortality in traditional stock assessments were underestimates (e.g., ICES, 1997; Hollowed et al., 2000; NEFSC, 2006) and”