batman: BAsic Transit Model cAlculatioN in Python

By Laura Kreidberg. 2015

850 citations recorded by the source corpus.

I introduce batman, a Python package for modeling exoplanet transit and eclipse light curves. The batman package supports calculation of light curves for any radially symmetric stellar limb darkening law, using a new integration algorithm for models that cannot be quickly calculated analytically. The code uses C extension modules to speed up model calculation and is parallelized with OpenMP. For a typical light curve with 100 data points in transit, batman can calculate one million quadratic limb-darkened models in 30 s with a single 1.7 GHz Intel Core i5 processor. The same calculation takes seven minutes using the four-parameter nonlinear limb darkening model (computed to 1 ppm accuracy). Maximum truncation error for integrated models is an input parameter that can be set as low as 0.001 ppm, ensuring that the community is prepared for the precise transit light curves we anticipate measuring with upcoming facilities. The batman package is open source and publicly available at https://github.com/lkreidberg/batman.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Education, Instrumentation

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2497aa11c2de05559a83c0e5bb177d3bbf37fca3

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Citations in the corpus

High Tide or Riptide on the Cosmic Shoreline? A Water-rich Atmosphere or Stellar Contamination for the Warm Super-Earth GJ 486b from JWST Observations (2023, methodology): “Software:Astropy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013, 2018), batman (Kreidberg 2015), CHIMERA (Line & Yung 2013; Line et al. 2014), Dynesty (Speagle 2020), emcee (Foreman-Mackey et al. 2013), Eureka!”
NO THERMAL INVERSION AND A SOLAR WATER ABUNDANCE FOR THE HOT JUPITER HD 209458B FROM HST/WFC3 SPECTROSCOPY (2016, neutral): “…m, at planet orbital phase, φ, and HST orbital phase, Φ; Fs(m) is the scan-direction-dependent out-ofeclipse system flux; E(φ) is the eclipse model (Kreidberg 2015); R(φ,m) = 1 + r1,m(φ − 0.5) + r2,m(φ − 0.5)2 is the time-dependent quadratic trend model component; and H(Φ,m) = 1 −…”
The JWST Early Release Observations (2022, methodology): “These were fitted using a batman model (Kreidberg 2015) with the best-fit orbital parameters obtained from an analysis made on the whitelight lightcurves fixed in the wavelength-dependent analysis.”
Optimized transit detection algorithm to search for periodic transits of small planets (2019, methodology): “A search for less common transit shapes can readily be made through TLS’ interface to batman (Kreidberg 2015a,b), using of the underlying Mandel & Agol (2002) analytic transit model.”
Global Climate and Atmospheric Composition of the Ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-103b from HST and Spitzer Phase Curve Observations (2018, methodology): “We calculated the transit model T (t) with the batman package (Kreidberg 2015).”
Characterization of the K2-18 multi-planetary system with HARPS: A habitable zone super-Earth and discovery of a second, warm super-Earth on a non-coplanar orbit (2017, methodology): “In each MCMC step we compute the corresponding transit model using the batman implementation (Kreidberg 2015) of the Mandel & Agol (2002) transit model.”
ZODIACAL EXOPLANETS IN TIME (ZEIT). III. A SHORT-PERIOD PLANET ORBITING A PRE-MAIN-SEQUENCE STAR IN THE UPPER SCORPIUS OB ASSOCIATION (2016, methodology): “…(IGRINS), Kepler Software: Spextool (Cushing et al. 2004), xtellcor (Vacca et al. 2003), IGRINS pipeline (Lee 2015), ARCoIRIS Spextool, batman (Kreidberg 2015), emcee (Foreman-Mackey et al. 2013) REFERENCES Ahn, C. P., Alexandroff, R., Allende Prieto, C., et al. 2012, ApJS, 203, 21 Aigrain,…”
starry: Analytic Occultation Light Curves (2018, methodology): “…curves and occultation light curves for individual celestial bodies or entire exoplanet systems. starry computes transits, secondary eclipses, phase curves, and planet–planet occultations analytically and is comparable in speed to other transit-modeling packages such as batman (Kreidberg 2015).”
The TESS Objects of Interest Catalog from the TESS Prime Mission (2021, neutral): “…(Jenkins 2020; Twicken et al. 2016), tica (M. Fausnaugh et al. 2021, in preparation), FITSH (Pál 2012), AstroNet (Yu et al. 2019), TEC, TEV, batman (Kreidberg 2015), nebuliser (Irwin 1985), emcee (Foreman-Mackey et al. 2013), vartools (Hartman & Bakos 2016), go (Meyerson 2014), TensorFlow (Abadi…”