Fracture healing: mechanisms and interventions
By T. Einhorn, L. Gerstenfeld. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 2014
1,613 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Fractures are the most common large-organ, traumatic injuries to humans. The repair of bone fractures is a postnatal regenerative process that recapitulates many of the ontological events of embryonic skeletal development. Although fracture repair usually restores the damaged skeletal organ to its pre-injury cellular composition, structure and biomechanical function, about 10% of fractures will not heal normally. This article reviews the developmental progression of fracture healing at the tissue, cellular and molecular levels. Innate and adaptive immune processes are discussed as a component of the injury response, as are environmental factors, such as the extent of injury to the bone and surrounding tissue, fixation and the contribution of vascular tissues. We also present strategies for fracture treatment that have been tested in animal models and in clinical trials or case series. The biophysical and biological basis of the molecular actions of various therapeutic approaches, including recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins and parathyroid hormone therapy, are also discussed.
Subfields: Epidemiology, Genetics
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/248f451b6cdf9baee2bd009e719ae077c404863f
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Citations in the corpus
- Bone regeneration strategies: engineered scaffolds, bioactive molecules and stem cells Current stage and future perspectives (2018, neutral): “This technique has also been associated with poor healing and re-fracture [31, 32].”
- Adipocyte Accumulation in the Bone Marrow during Obesity and Aging Impairs Stem Cell-Based Hematopoietic and Bone Regeneration (2017, background): “Bone healing is tightly regulated with an initial inflammatory phase, followed by cartilaginous callus formation, the deposition of a fibrous matrix, and subsequentmineralization through osteogenic cells (Einhorn and Gerstenfeld, 2015).”
- Clinical applications of stem cell-derived exosomes (2024, background): “63 Biopharmacological treatment for fractures can be given locally (e.g., bone morphogenetic protein, BMP) or systemically (e.g., parathyroid hormone, PTH).”
- Bone grafts and biomaterials substitutes for bone defect repair: A review (2017, methodology): “Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature Reviews Rheumatology [34], copyright (2014).”