Diabatically Induced Secondary Flows in Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Quasi-Steady Forcing

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Rapid Development of the Tropical Cyclone Warm Core (2008, methodology): “This has been shown recently by Pendergrass and Willoughby (2009), who used a more general framework to solve the Sawyer–Eliassen equation for a piecewise-continuous balanced mean vortex that includes a realistic vertical shear.”
Multiscale Structure and Evolution of Hurricane Earl (2010) during Rapid Intensification (2015, background): “An updraft axis, and by extension an axis of diabatic heating, that is more upright than theM surface results in a greater convergence of angular momentum and vortex spinup (Pendergrass and Willoughby 2009).”
Clouds in Tropical Cyclones (2010, background): “Pendergrass and Willoughby (2009) and Willoughby (2009) have shown that variations in hypothesized heating patterns associated with the eyewall and different environmental conditions lead to a variety of variations.”
Convective-Scale Structure and Evolution during a High-Resolution Simulation of Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification (2010, background): “…the inertial stability increases, the efﬁ-ciency with which diabatic heating is converted into the kinetic energy of the storm-scale primary circulation increases (e.g., Pendergrass and Willoughby 2009; Schubert and Vigh 2008; Nolan et al. 2007; Schubert and Hack 1982), and intensiﬁcation results.”