Use of palm oil fuel ash as a supplementary cementitious material for producing high-strength concrete

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Utilization of palm oil fuel ash in concrete: a review (2011, background): “Tangchirapat et al. (2009) found that the concrete containing 10–30% ground POFA exhibits a higher compressive strength than OPC concrete at 28 days, as evident from Fig.”
The development of compressive strength of ground granulated blast furnace slag-palm oil fuel ash-fly ash based geopolymer mortar (2014, background): “, OPS used for lightweight concrete [22–26] and POFA used for high strength concrete [27,28].”
Durability and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete incorporating palm oil fuel ash (2016, background): “…durability performance of concrete reported that incorporationof POFA improves thedurability characteristic of concretedue to enhancement of the production of CeSeHgel andhydrationprocess over time (Awal and Hussin, 1999; Chindaprasirt et al., 2007; Ismail et al., 2010; Tangchirapat et al., 2009).”
Pozzolanic reactivity of ultrafine palm oil fuel ash waste on strength and durability performances of high strength concrete (2017, background): “Similarly, Tangchirapat et al. (2009) reported the 28-day 77 compressive strengths of 58.5, 59.5, 60.9 and 58.8 MPa for OPC, POFA10, POFA20 and POFA30 by 78 using the binder content of 550 kg/m3 and water/binder ratio of 0.32.”