Spring frost and growing season length co‐control the cold range limits of broad‐leaved trees

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Increase in the risk of exposure of forest and fruit trees to spring frosts at higher elevations in Switzerland over the last four decades (2018, background): “This is why late spring frost events are climatic extremes with high ecological and evolutionary importance, likely controlling the latitudinal and elevational limits of temperate trees (Kollas et al., 2014; Körner et al., 2016).”
Where, why and how? Explaining the low‐temperature range limits of temperate tree species (2016, methodology): “We recorded temperatures at the top of mature trees (by climbing them) and compared these readings to on-site 2 m air temperature in complete shade (Kollas et al. 2014b).”
Record-low primary productivity and high plant damage in the Nordic Arctic Region in 2012 caused by multiple weather events and pest outbreaks (2014, background): “Frost in the growing season has recently been shown to be a strong regulator of distribution ranges of broad-leaved trees in Europe (Kollas et al 2014).”