A Critical Assessment of Algorithms and Challenges in the Development of a Closed-Loop Artificial Pancreas

By Ph.D B. WAYNE BEQUETTE. 2005

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Artificial Pancreas: Past, Present, Future (2011, background): “, overnight), and postprandial regulation calling for prompt and energetic corrections (102,103).”
On-line policy learning and adaptation for real-time personalization of an artificial pancreas (2015, methodology): “The well known proportional–integrative–derivative feedback controller was employed as an early close-loop control algorithm for the AP (Bequette, 2005).”
Application of Micro- and Nano-Electromechanical Devices to Drug Delivery (2006, background): “The continuous glucose monitoring field, in particular, has developed a number of algorithms to translate raw data from glucose sensors into alerts for impending hypoglycemia, although the ultimate goal of an implantable closed-loop system with automatic control of insulin delivery has not been real”
The future of open‐ and closed‐loop insulin delivery systems (2008, methodology): “An argument against the use of PID controllers to mimic the biphasic insulin profile is made by Bequette (2005), who argues that such a response can be the result of any control system in which integral action is present, and that internal model controllers can also have the same response.”
An Actor-Critic based controller for glucose regulation in type 1 diabetes (2013, background): “and = [ 1 2] is the Actor’s parameter vector.”