The effect of unburned carbon in palm oil fuel ash on fluidity of cement pastes containing superplasticizer

By Chea Chandara, E. Sakai, K. Azizli, Zainal Arifin Ahmad, S. Hashim. 2010

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Flexural performance of green engineered cementitious composites containing high volume of palm oil fuel ash. (2012, background): “[23] found that glassy phase crystallization and agglomeration of ground POFA particles did not occur during heat treatment at 500 C.”
Engineering properties and carbon footprint of ground granulated blast-furnace slag-palm oil fuel ash-based structural geopolymer concrete (2015, background): “The addition of POFA also plays an important role in low workability as it has high loss on ignition (LOI) and irregular shape; further its porous structure absorbs water that could also affect the workability [17,48].”
Pozzolanic reactivity of ultrafine palm oil fuel ash waste on strength and durability performances of high strength concrete (2017, methodology): “This is attributed to the 289 unburned carbon having a high surface area and smaller particle when compared to findings of POFA 290 (Chandara et al., 2010).”