Occurrence of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) in cropland and adjacent areas

By R. Hartzler, D. D. Buhler. 2000

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Susceptibility of immature monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae), to predation by Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) (2003, background): “), is a ubiquitous weed in agricultural systems (Hartzler and Buhler, 2000).”
Milkweed restoration in the Midwest for monarch butterfly recovery: estimates of milkweeds lost, milkweeds remaining and milkweeds that must be added to increase the monarch population (2017, methodology): “The surveys by Hartzler and Buhler (2000) covered a random mix of fields using either conventional herbicide or glyphosate herbicide.”
Reduction in common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) occurrence in Iowa cropland from 1999 to 2009 (2010, methodology): “The land areas most frequently infested with common milkweed were roadsides and areas enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (Hartzler and Buhler, 2000), but approximately 1 million hectares are dedicated to these land uses compared to 9.1 million hectare planted to corn and soybean.”
Milkweed loss in agricultural fields because of herbicide use: effect on the monarch butterfly population (2013, methodology): “We have values for milkweed density in Iowa agricultural fields for 1999 and 2009 (Hartzler & Buhler, 2000; Hartzler, 2010).”