Livelihood strategies, resilience and transformability in African agroecosystems
By P. Tittonell. 2014
209 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Aiming to translate resilience thinking theory into farming systems design practice, this paper examines fundamental properties of complex systems dynamics and their relation with the mechanisms that govern resilience and transformability in African smallholder agriculture. Agroecosystems dynamics emerge from the aggregation of diverse livelihood strategies in response to changes in the agroecosystem context, and are characterised by non-linearity, irreversibility, convergence/divergence and hysteresis. I examine a number of case studies from Africa to verify three guiding hypotheses in connection to the diversity of rural livelihood strategies: (1) diversity as alternative system regimes; (2) diversity as the result of transformability; (3) diversity determined by changing agricultural contexts. The hierarchy of constraints that determine the space for manoeuvring in agroecosystems is described through the analogy of the Matryoshka nesting dolls: each system level confines and is confined by their immediate sub- and supra-systems. Agricultural contexts, as defined by agro-ecological potential, demography and market connectivity are also dynamic and their trajectory can be described as shifts across stability domains. An example from Kenya shows that household diversity can be described as alternative system regimes, through hysteretic rather than continuous, reversible models. In some particular cases diversity emerges from divergent pathways that may have implied radical transformations in the past, as shown here for rural livelihoods in northern Cameroun. A comparative analysis of East African agroecosystems shows that thresholds in specific variables that may point to the existence of possible tipping points are rather elusive and largely site specific, requiring systematic categorisation of agricultural contexts. While agroecology needs to provide the knowledge base for the ecological intensification of smallholder landscapes, policy and market developments are needed to deal with the Matryoshka effect – or with interactions that are presumably panarchical in certain cases. Desirable shifts in farming systems can only be stimulated by working on both ends simultaneously.
Subfields: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/231e70fea5ec59d5dbfa5a926fec0bf0d3728da4
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In Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
In General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Citations in the corpus
- Certification, good agricultural practice and smallholder heterogeneity: Differentiated pathways for resolving compliance gaps in the Indonesian oil palm sector (2019, background): “…pertaining to farmers’ livelihood systems, such as their livelihood activities, portfolios and assets (e.g. following Dorward et al. (2009) and Tittonell (2014)); to which we add demographic characteristics such as migration status and ethnicity, which play an integral role in shaping…”
- Resilience and why it matters for farm management (2014, background): “, 2011); an indicator framework for assessing agroecosystem resilience using 13 indicators (Cabell and Oelofse, 2012); the extent to which livelihood strategies they exhibit nonlinearity, irreversibility and hysteresis (Tittonell, 2014); or the exploration of alternative regimes and tipping points i”
- Sustainable development and the water–energy–food nexus: A perspective on livelihoods (2015, background): “While this capacity resonates with systems thinking theory (see Enfors, 2013; Tittonell, 2014), the framework provides a more integrative approach to monitoring and evaluating sustainable development across multiple spatial and temporal scales, while still ensuring that a people-centred livelihoods…”