RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: FINDINGS AND PROBLEMS IN THE LITERATURE

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Understanding Race/Ethnicity Differences in Offending Across the Life Course: Gaps and Opportunities (2015, background): “As well, the evidence is mixed with respect to racial differences or bias throughout the entire criminal justice process as opposed to some stages more than other stages [59].”
Race and Officer Decision Making: Examining Differences in Arrest Outcomes between Black and White Officers (2006, background): “In recommending that the “police and society take every possible step to allay grievances that flow from a sense of injustice and increased tension,” the Commission contended that the “police bear a major responsibility for making needed changes” (Kerner Commission, 1968, p. 300).”
Distinguishing Race Effects on Pre-Trial Release and Sentencing Decisions (2012, background): “Some have argued that such disparity is more a function of economic status rather than race (Weitzer, 1996; Wilbanks, 1987), however, and that minorities are less able to make bond because they are overrepresented among indigent defendants (Richey-Mann, 1993).”