Screening biochars for heavy metal retention in soil: role of oxygen functional groups.

By Minori Uchimiya, Sechin Chang, K. T. Klasson. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011

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Effect of biochar amendment on sorption and leaching of nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate in a sandy soil. (2012, background): “As reported in the literature, some of these oxygen and hydrogen contents are likely in organic functional groups on biochar surface (Inyang et al., 2011; Uchimiya et al., 2011).”
Environmental application of biochar: Current status and perspectives. (2017, background): “The reduction of these metal pollutants is attributed to basic pH, high O, and volatile matter contents of biochar (Khan et al., 2013b; Uchimiya et al., 2011a).”
Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by biochars derived from anaerobically digested biomass. (2012, background): “Other mechanisms, such as precipitation and surface complexation, should also be considered (Cao et al., 2009; Inyang et al., 2011; Uchimiya et al., 2011).”
A review of biochar as a low-cost adsorbent for aqueous heavy metal removal (2016, background): “Cotton seed hull char 350 Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb Complexation of metals by oxygen functional groups (Uchimiya et al., 2011) Rice husk carbon 175–180 Hg, Zn Ion exchange between HC and Zn2C and Hg2C (El-Shafey, 2010)”