Whitebark Pine Communities: Ecology and Restoration

By R. Muzika, Diana F. Tomback, S. Arno, R. Keane. 2001

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Influence of bioclimatic variables on tree‐line conifer distribution in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: implications for species of conservation concern (2008, background): “Without these forests, whitebark pine seeds become unavailable as a food source for grizzly bears, causing the bears to move to lower elevations to find alternative food sources (Mattson et al., 2001).”
What defines mast seeding? Spatio‐temporal patterns of cone production by whitebark pine (2011, background): “1) tended to be in the northern part of our study region, near Glacier National Park, where blister rust was first introduced and which now has the highest incidence of blister rust among our study sites (Kendall & Keane 2001).”
Biodiversity responses to climate and land-use change: A historical perspective (2015, unknown): “For instance, Pinus strobiformis and Pinus ayacahuite were formerly classified as the same species (Perry, 1991; Farjon & Styles, 1997; Bruederle et al., 2001).”
Whitebark pine and white pine blister rust in the Rocky Mountains of Canada and northern Montana (2008, background): “It is a relatively shade-intolerant species, and regeneration opportunities naturally occur through avalanche, glacial retreat, and most commonly, fire (Tomback et al. 2001a).”