Modeling of heat transfer, fluid flow and solidification microstructure of nickel-base superalloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion

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Metallurgy, mechanistic models and machine learning in metal printing (2020, background): “Thus, these models can take a day or more, in multiprocessor computers, to simulate very small domains 141 .”
Numerical modelling and experimental validation in Selective Laser Melting (2017, methodology): “In this sense, thermal modelling, apart from being an input for the mechanical analysis, is fundamental to characterise the melt pool and the microstructure in an AM process [20, 25, 33, 41] and also guides the selection of the printing process parameters in engineering design [26, 32, 44].”
Keyhole-induced porosities in Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) of Ti6Al4V: High-fidelity modelling and experimental validation (2019, background): “The powder layer distribution is found via a discrete element method (DEM) calculation also in Flow-3D, similar to that of Lee and Zhang [21].”
Additive manufacturing of metallic components – Process, structure and properties (2018, methodology): “On the other hand, a group of dynamic simulation algorithms has been applied to simulate the transient packing process where individual particles, roller and their mechanical contact interactions are directly considered based on numerical solution of equations of motion using methods such as Discret”