Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Beyond the McWhirter criterion

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Comparison of optical emission from nanosecond and femtosecond laser produced plasma in atmosphere and vacuum conditions (2013, background): “While this criterion can be fulfilled at a sufficient delay after the laser pulse, it is not sufficient to verify LTE because it is clear that the inhomogeneous, transient nature of LIBS plasmas does not fully satisfy LTE conditions and in these cases, results must be carefully considered [39].”
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Fundamentals, Applications, and Challenges (2012, background): “Moreover the calculation of these parameters is necessary because the set-up has to be tuned to ensure LTE, key condition for an accurate quantitative analysis [11].”
Thermodynamic equilibrium states in laser-induced plasmas: From the general case to laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy plasmas (2013, background): “where TH is the kinetic temperature of the atoms/ions and kTH is expressed in eV, n is the absolute number density of ions in cm−3 and MA is the relative mass of the element considered (MHydrogen=1) [17].”
Calibration free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of oxide materials (2010, neutral): “However, as was pointed out recently, this criterion does not define a sufficient condition for a plasma to be in LTE state [45].”