Canopy structure, light interception, and photosynthesis in maize

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Plant Density and Leaf Area Index Effects on the Distribution of Light Transmittance to the Soil Surface in Maize (2014, background): “Within row light distribution can also be important in shorter seasons if LAI is less than that required to maximize canopy light interception (Stewart et al., 2003).”
Survey of Plant Density Tolerance in U.S. Maize Germplasm (2014, background): “As plants are increasingly crowded at high plant density, the canopy begins to self-shade, which results in decreased light penetration into the canopy and leads to decreased grain yield (Duncan, 1971; Hammer et al., 2009; Stewart et al., 2003).”
Light interception and radiation use efficiency response to narrow-wide row planting patterns in maize (2012, background): “To this end, with similar plant density, cultivars with better adaptability to the geography of the area are considered for planting to improve F during the growth stage (Stewart et al., 2003).”