Black fungal colonies as units of survival: hyphal mycosporines synthesized by rock-dwelling microcolonial fungi

By A. Gorbushina, K. Whitehead, T. Dornieden, Astrid Nieße, A. Schulte, J. Hedges. 2003

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Phylogeny and taxonomy of meristematic rock-inhabiting black fungi in the Dothideomycetes based on multi-locus phylogenies (2014, background): “These adaptations are universally present among RIF (Sterflinger 1998; Gorbushina et al. 2003; Ruibal et al. 2005; Onofri et al. 2007; Gorbushina et al. 2008), protecting against UV and ionizing radiation (Dadachova and Casadevall 2008; Selbmann et al.”
Probable Proterozoic fungi (2005, background): “Both are renowned for their roles as saprobes, parasites, mutualists, predators, and exploiters of extreme environments (Barron 1981; Taylor et al. 1999; Blackwell 2000; Gorbushina et al. 2003; Liu and Hall 2004).”
Fungi in Antarctica (2007, background): “In the case of rock-inhabiting fungi, mycosporines were detected in the colonies of eight strains from desert and pseudodesert rock surfaces; in addition to their known protective role against excessive UV radiation in the natural environments, these compounds are also linked with survival potential”
Geomycology: biogeochemical transformations of rocks, minerals, metals and radionuclides by fungi, bioweathering and bioremediation. (2007, unknown): “Some fungi are polymorphic, occurring as both filamentous mycelium and unicellular yeasts or yeast-like cells, as in black meristematic or microcolonial fungi colonizing rocks (Sterflinger 2000; Gorbushina et al. 2002a, 2002b, 2003).”