Integration costs revisited – An economic framework for wind and solar variability ☆

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High-resolution large-scale onshore wind energy assessments: A review of potential definitions, methodologies and future research needs (2021, unknown): “system LCOEs have to be explicitly considered in high-penetration assessments [204].”
A comparative analysis of electricity generation costs from renewable, fossil fuel and nuclear sources in G20 countries for the period 2015-2030 (2018, methodology): “Despite some critiques of LCOE as a tool for comparing costs across power generation technologies such as Hirth et al. (2015), Schmalensee (2016) and Synapse Energy Economics (2016) amongst others.”
Short-term integration costs of variable renewable energy: Wind curtailment and balancing in Britain and Germany (2018, background): “Several other factors influence balancing costs [22]:”
Market design for a high-renewables European electricity system (2018, background): “At high RES penetration rates of 30-40%, system-level integration costs have been estimated at 25-35 €/MWh, including the substantial adverse impacts of lower and more variable capacity utilization on conventional generators (Hirth et al., 2015).”