Subdiffusive transport of charged particles perpendicular to the large scale magnetic field

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Particle acceleration at perpendicular shock waves: Model and observations (2005, background): “ Qin et al. [2002a, 2002b] showed using numerical simulations that perpendicular diffusion could occur only in the presence of a transverse complex magnetic field; that is, if field lines sampled by the gyromotion of a particle experiencing parallel and antiparallel scattering along the field are s”
Nonlinear Parallel and Perpendicular Diffusion of Charged Cosmic Rays in Weak Turbulence (2004, methodology): “Recent numerical studies (Qin 2002; Qin et al. 2002a, 2002b) have demonstrated that theoretical results of quasilinear theory (QLT; Jokipii 1966) for the parallel mean free path do not agree with results from simulations (see Minnie 2002 for a detailed review) if a general turbulence geometry is…”
Nonlinear Collisionless Perpendicular Diffusion of Charged Particles (2003, methodology): “The two-dimensional component is generated similarly in a 4096# Fourier series in a box of size 102l (see Qin et al. 2002b).4096 7 Particles are integrated using a fourth-order adaptive-step Runge-Kutta method with a relative error control set to 1 part per billion.”