Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets.

By J. Hunt. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2003

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Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets. (2009, background): “Due to the difficulty in evaluating marginal zinc status, it is not possible to determine the possible effect of lower zinc absorption from vegetarian diets (31).”
Familial Occurrence of KienbockÂ’s Disease (2011, background): “Thus, the bioavailability of zinc from grains and plant foods is lower than that from animal foods, although many grain- and plant-based foods are still good sources of zinc [119-121].”
Complementary Feeding: A Position Paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition (2017, background): “Facilitators of absorption include human milk, meat proteins, ascorbic and citric acids, and fermented vegetable products, whereas inhibitors include cocoa, polyphenols, phytates, tannins, dietary fibre, calcium, and cows’ milk (65).”