Thermal Conductivity of Metal-Oxide Nanofluids: Particle Size Dependence and Effect of Laser Irradiation

By S. Kim, S. Choi, Dongsik Kim. 2007

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Small particles, big impacts: A review of the diverse applications of nanofluids (2013, background): “significantly increased conductive [3–24][38-58] and convective [59-68] heat transfer properties.”
Thermal conductance of nanofluids: is the controversy over? (2008, background): “The evidences from Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) however, point to the existence of partial clustering and chain-like linear aggregation ( Kim et al. 2007; Murshed et al. 2005; Zhu et al. 2006; Zhu et al. 2007).”
Thermophysical properties of graphene-based nanofluids (2021, background): “Oxides of different elements such as alumina Al2O3, silica SiO2, titania TiO2, copper oxide CuO, and zinc oxide ZnO were studied as well, given their relatively higher thermal conductivity and higher availability, and lower cost [19,21,22].”
The thermal conductivity of alumina nanofluids in water, ethylene glycol, and ethylene glycol + water mixtures (2010, background): “particle size range from positive ( Kim et al. 2007 ; L i and Peterson 2007) to negative (Yu et al. 2007).”
An experimental investigation into the thermal conductivity enhancement in oxide and metallic nanofluids (2010, background): “Kim et al. (2007) measured thermal conductivity of alumina, ZnO and TiO2 particle suspensions in water and ethylene glycol.”