Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: impact, mechanisms, and research directions.

By Nannan Liu. Annual Review of Entomology, 2015

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Species Sensitivity to Toxic Substances: Evolution, Ecology and Applications (2020, background): “Studies that have addressed the causes of resistance identified two major non-competing mechanisms: increased metabolic detoxification and decreased sensitivity of the target-site that represent, respectively, TK and TD changes (Van Leeuwen et al., 2010; Liu, 2015; Siegwart et al., 2017).”
An overview of the main pathways of metabolic resistance in insects (2016, background): “frequency, the dosage or the persistence of insecticide applications (Brattsen et al., 1986; Hemingway et al., 2002; Kliot and Ghanim, 2012; Liu, 2015).”
Contemporary status of insecticide resistance in the major Aedes vectors of arboviruses infecting humans (2017, background): “Detoxification pathways may be complex and whilst the primary metabolic enzymes involved belong to large gene families (cytochrome P450 monooxygenases [P450s], glutathione S-transferases [GSTs], and carboxy/cholinesterases [CCEs]), other families are likely to be involved [13, 44].”